Essential Fatty Acids

Omega 3 in Flax and Purslane
Essential Fatty Acid Basics
EFA's and Health by Pamela Clark
Importance of Fat
Red Palm Oil

Omega 3 fatty acids

Flax seed is rich in Omega 3s. The problem is...what if the bird doesn't like the smell or taste of the flax?  Most birds won't eat it. 

An alternative to Flax is Purslane.  It also contains the Omega-3  acids, plus is a natural form of mucilage, sugar, and Vit. A, B1, C and calcium.  Since it is in plant form the birds may accept it easier than flax.  It's something you can grow, and have in a hanging flower part, and snip off pieces a few times a week for the birds to nibble on. 
Susanne

Essential Fatty Acids (very basic)

If you review the medical terminology list I posted to the website back
during early days, you will see that the word 'lipid' refers to fats.
There are many kinds of lipids.  Phospholipids are found in the cell
walls of all plants. So, all plants contain some degree of fat in their
structure.  Our interest is in certain kinds of fats.

Fats contain 2.25 times the calories in either protein or carbohydrates.
In other words, if a gram of protein contains 15 calories, a gram of fat
will contain 2.25 x 15 calories.  However, fat satisfies the appetite for
a longer period of time than do carbohydrates.

There are two broad categories of fats: Saturated and Unsaturated.

Saturated fats are fats that become hard and are mostly from animal
sources. They are used in the body to provide insulation, absorb shock,
construct membranes, produce unsaturated fatty acids, provide energy,
electrical transport, calories, and heat.

Some forms of saturated fats (long chain) are considered less heathy
because they are more taxing to the liver.  They are also sticky and
tend to clog up the cardiovascular system. Short chain saturated fats,
which are easier for the body to metabolize and work with, are found in
butter and tropical oils.

Unsaturated fats stay liquid, are mostly from plant sources, and are
considered to be healthier fats.  They perform key functions in the most
active tissues of the body: brain, sense organs, glands, nerve impulses,
electrical energy and in the manufacture of hormone-like substances.

The two categories of healthy fats are ESSENTIAL (EFA's = essential
fatty acids) and NON-ESSENTIAL.  Non-essential doesn't mean they are not
needed, it means a normally functioning body can produce them from other
nutrients.  Essential fatty acids (EFAs) must be included in the diet
because the body cannot make them.

The three forms of unsaturated fats most commonly found in nature are:

OLEIC acid (OA)- non-essential, found in peanut, olive, canola, and
other oils. These include OMEGA 9 fatty acids. Monounsaturated.

LINOLEIC acid (LA)- essential, found in sunflower, safflower, corn,
sesame, hemp, and other oils. These are OMEGA 6 fatty acids.
Polyunsaturated.

Alpha-LINOLENIC acid (LNA)- essential, found in flax, hemp, and other
oils.  These are OMEGA 3 fatty acids. Superunsaturated.

Other less common fats: (Sometimes the spelling on these are very close
so they look like the same but are not)

STEARIDONIC acid - (SDA) essential, found in black currant seeds among
others. OMEGA 3 acids. Superunsaturated.

EICOSAPENTAENOIC acid - (EPA) and DOCOSAHEXAENOIC acid (DHA) essential,
found in the body oils of cold water fish and marine animals..Salmon,
trout, mackerel, sardines.  From land animals: brain, eye, adrenal
glands, and testes. OMEGA 3 acids. Superunsaturated.

GAMMA-LINOLENIC acid (GLA) essential, found in Borage, black currant
seed, evening primrose seed and others. OMEGA 6. Polyunsaturated

ARACHIDONIC acid (AA) -  essential, found in meats and other animal
products. OMEGA 6 acids. Polyunsaturated.

PALMITOLEIC acid (POA) non-essential, found in tropical oils like
coconut and palm kernel. OMEGA 7 acids. Monounsaturated.

>From the Saturated family of fats:

STEARIC acid (SA) non-essential, found in beef, mutton, pork, butter,
cocoa butter.

PALMITIC acid (PA) non-essential, found in tropical fats like coconut,
palm, and palm kernel.

BUTYRIC acid (BA) non-essential, found in butter.

ARACHIDIC acid - (not arachidonic acid) found in peanuts.

Note: all oils contain varying proportions of different fatty acids.

Omega 6 and Omega 3 are essential fatty acids(EFA). As you can see from
the list above, there are several sources for both.  Each of these
sources provides a somewhat different benefit to the body because of the
different chemistries of each of the oils and because of the nutrients
contained in the seed.

There must be a balance between Omega 3 and Omega 6. Long-term
supplementation of one without the other will cause deficiencies. The
ideal ratio should be 2:1 Omega 3 to Omega 6.

Hemp seed oil contains the nearly ideal ratio of 3:1 between Omega 3 and
Omega 6 oils for long term use. It also contains GLA.

Flax seed oil contains 4 times as much Omega 3 as Omega 6, so you would
also need to supplement with another oil that is higher in Omega 6.
Supplementing with a blend to balance the EFAs is the best choice. You
can obtain this by adding Omega 6-rich sunflower and sesame oils to flax
oil.  This is what is done to produce Udo's Choice Oil Blend and blended
oils from other manufacturers.

When taking oil supplements be sure to also take Vitamin E at the same
time to prevent the oils from becoming oxidized and thus rancid in the
body.

More Fat Information:

In 1902, Rosenfeld showed that a high-carb/high-protein diet results in
fat deposits in internal organs.  So does a high-carb/low-protein diet.
When EFAs are added, less fat deposti occurs and better food utization
and energy production take place.

According to Udo Erasmus:
1. Fats are digested slowly and prevent hunger from recurring quickly.
Protein and carbohydrates are digested in half as much time so
overeating is encouraged.
2. EFAs increase metabolic rate and help mobilize and burn excess
saturated fats.
3. The body loses the craving for food when its need for EFAs is
satisfied.
4. A poor diet lacking essential substances fails to still hunger,
leading to overeating and weight gain.
5. Contrary to popular opinion, not all fats make a body fat.

Healthy fats can halt and even reverse many degenerative diseases such
as: atherosclerosis, hypertension, allergies, cancer, skin conditions,
yeast conditions, aging, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, obesity, and some
addictions.

Bad fats and sugar are responsible for most of the conditions listed
above.

Triglyceride levels increase with increasing intake of refined sugars,
refined starches, sedentary lifestyle, and hard, non-essential fats.
According to researcher John Yudkin, sugar consumption is one of the
quickest ways to increase triglycerides because the body turns sugar
into fats to protect itself from the toxic effects of excess sugar.
Sugar increases oxidation damage, inhibits immune functions and
interferes with the transport of vitamin C...all leading to
dardiovascular and other degenerative diseases.

Oxidized fats and cholesterol that occur in cured,  processed, and aged
foods like meats, sausages, cheese, scrambled or fried eggs, friend
convenience foods and stored foods are the largest offenders in
cardiovascular disease.  Ditto for altered fates which are shortenings,
margines, hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oils in baked
goods, candy, french fries, deep-fried foods, chips, crackers, etc.
Please do not feed any of these to your birds, or yourself.

Certain kinds of fiber, pectins, and mucilage from apples, beets,
carrots, okra, flax, beans, psillium hulls and oats tie up bile acids,
cholesterol, and toxins and carry them out of the body.

here is the essential fatty acid breakdown
of various foods. I've listed them in this order: total fat, Omega 3,
Omega 6, Omega 9. For example, Chia is . This means it
contains 30% fat, 30% of which is Omega 3, 40% Omega 6, and 0% Omega 9.
The ideal ratio of essential fatty acids for humans is approximately
2/1/0.75 (Omega 3s should be twice that of Omega 6 and a little more
than twice Omega 9)

hemp:
kukui:
flax:
pumpkin
soybean:
walnut:
wheat germ:
evening primrose:
safflower:
sunflower:
grape:
corn:
sesame:
rice bran
cottonseed: toxic ingredients
rape:
peanut: may contain toxic fungus
almond:
olive: 6
avocado:
coconut:
palm kernel: 3
beech:
brazil:
pecan:
pistachio:
hickory:
filbert:
macadamia:
cashew: 0
neem: extremely bitter

The best oils from seeds are unrefined, cold pressed, and taste like the
seed from which they are derived. Oils must be stored in opaque
containers, protected from light, oxygen, and heat or they will spoil.
Once spoiled or heat damaged, oils and fats cause free radical damage in
the body. Most fresh unrefined oils have a pleasant taste. If the taste
is *off* or unpleasant, more than likely the oil is spoiled and should
not be consumed.

gloria

Most of the information was derived form Udo Erasmus's book:
"Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill"

gloria

EFA's and Health by Pamela Clark
I have been doing more and more research into the role essential fatty acids
play in preserving optimal health, and find myself feeling a sense of
growing alarm at the fact that this has been largely ignored in typical
discussions of psittacine diet.  Dietary "fat" has gotten a very bad name
amongst the American public in recent years due to the large percentage of
the population that is overweight.  There has been much discussion about the
differences between saturated (bad) fat and unsaturated (good) fat, but
there seems to be lots of confusion, especially when it comes to the topic
of essential fatty acids.  I'm afraid the general sense of confusion, and
the belief that "fat is bad," is being carried over into our ideas about
parrot diet.

The references I have explored indicate that the human brain is made up of
60% fat - not "depot fat like I happen to store in  my thighs - but
structural fat.  The myelin sheaths around nerve cells are also made up
largely of essential fatty acids, esp. omega-3.  In short, essential fatty
acids are necessary for the healthy functioning of the nervous system, as
well as good visual acuity, and a good immune system.  They are called
"essential" because we have to obtain them from the diet.  We can not
manufacture them in our bodies, the way we can manufacture cholesterol and
saturated fat. Further, omega-3 fatty acids are easily destroyed by light,
heat, and air.  The best sources for them from what I've read are: fresh
whole foods, especially walnuts and Brazil nuts, pumpkin seeds, dark green
leafy vegetables, salmon, tuna, trout, flax seeds, legumes, soybeans and
oats.

On page 129 of "The Omega Diet" by Artemis P. Simopoulos, M.D. and Jo
Robinson, it says, "If you foraged your food from the wild, it would be
impossible to be deficient in this nutrient because it
would be present in virtually everything you ate."  Since parrots evolved
foraging their food in the wild, and these omega-3 fatty acids are so easily
destroyed (as in the processing and storage of pellets), it would seem to me
critically important to make sure that the diet contains an adequate
provision for these.

I'm especially interested in the pertinence of this to African Greys, who
reportedly eat frequently of the fruits of the oil palm, which are 90% fat,
according to an article by David Poole on his website. This palm oil is
saturated fat, however. (Plants growing closer to the equator contain more
saturated fat, while plants growing further away from the equator contain
more unsaturated fat.) So many Greys in captivity are struggling with low
vitamin A levels.  I wonder if they are getting an insufficient amount of
fat in their diet, which if provided, would make this oil-soluble vitamin
more available to them?  I wonder if phobic Greys might have fewer problems
if their nervous system were "bolstered" by the provision of essential fatty
acids?  I wonder if feather picking Greys, who reportedly have "dry skin,"
are suffering from fatty acid deficiencies?

I myself have had two birds (an African Grey and a Senegal) who were
ostensibly feather picking because of "behavioral" reasons, who stopped once
I began providing an essential fatty acid supplement.

My convictions have grown to the point where I've been experimenting with
providing all my Greys with additional supplementation for essential fatty
acids, given that they appear to have perhaps a higher need for fat in their
diet than other species. I have been really pleased with the results.  They
have redder tails, and shinier black beaks, and their feathers now have a
bit of sheen to them, and lay closely against their backs in a very smooth
manner. Although this is hard to document, the babies I am raising also seem
smarter.  They talk earlier and seem more "full of themselves" - that much I
can measure.  And right now, I have (gasp) 18 eggs from 5 pairs of birds in
my nestboxes, which I find to be not exactly good news :)

I've been using between two and six drops a day of the oil blends found in
the refrigerator section of the health food store (in addition to providing
abundant fresh foods).  Those I have used are Udo's Perfected Oil Blend,
Spectrum Essentials, and Arrowhead Mills.  All seem to be some blend of flax seed oil, borage seed oil, hemp seed oil, etc. I either put this in the warm
oatmeal that I feed my adult Greys at night, place it on a bit of whole
wheat bread, or mix it into a recipe (a quinoa-based pilaf mix) that I
developed specifically for providing for the nutritional needs of African
Greys.

I've had it suggested to me that I should provide the Greys with the palm
oil that is being sold in the United States now.  However, I have three
reservations.  One, I have no information about the relative content of
omega-3, -6, and -9 fatty acids in this palm oil.  Two, I am reluctant to
provide saturated fat to relatively sedentary parrots, leading quite a
different existence from those who fly miles every day to forage for food.
And, three, I have some concerns about the possible rancidity of this
product.  I have been reassured that it contains high levels of naturally
occurring vitamin E and that this acts as a preservative.

So, my questions are these:

Are any other list members supplementing any species in this way?
Does anyone have any information about the fatty acid content of palm oil?
What are the advantages of palm oil over the oil supplements sold in the
health food store?
Are there any potential dangers to this type of supplementation?

BTW, for list members interested in learning more, I can recommend the
following references:

The Omega Diet, by Simopoulos and Robinson, New
York:HarperPerennial/HarperCollins, 1999
Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill by Udo Erasmus, Burnaby BC Canada: Alive
Books, 1993
Smart Fats: How Dietary Fats and Oils Affect Mental, Physical, and Emotional
Intelligence by Michael A. Schmidt, Berkeley, California: Frog, Ltd, 1997

I apologize for the length of this.  It's such a complex subject, that I
find it hard to distill down the pertinent information. I'd be most grateful
to anyone who has more information on the subject.

Pamela Clark

The Importance of Dietary Fat
 I have 2 plucked birds on thyroid for years. The doses are correct
because their thyroids are right in line at each blood draw but it has made no
difference in the plucking and overall poor skin condition and feather quality. 
P.S. Their diets are excellent and they get lots of baths,
sunshine  and fresh air as I live in Florida.

Have you considered fats?

Fat doesn't necessarily make you fat.  It is fat consumed along with
carbohydrates that makes you fat.  Carbohydrates alone cause the insulin resistant
to become overweight.  Certain fats are necessary for the body to function properly, and I wasn't getting them in my diet.  For that matter, many bird's diets are limited in the kinds of fats they receive in their diets, too.  Most pellet formulations, for example, only contain Omega 6 types of fats.

How many people seek out a diet that has less than 4% fat for their
birds?  How many people say their birds can't have seeds because they
are prone to fatty liver disease?  When you read about the relationship
between fats, protein, and carbohydrates,  you will come to understand
that the improper combination of those and the lack of other nutrients
from a limited diet is what causes fatty liver disease and not the seeds
themselves.

I lost a couple meyers babies that were about 6 months old.  They had
been weaned unto mostly pellets.  The necropsy came back with no cause
of death known, but it was noted that there was fat infiltrating the
liver.  My vet chewed me out for feeding them an all-seed diet. He
didn't believe me when I told him that these birds were weaned onto
pellets with some veggies and very little seeds.

This was a few years ago when I was feeding mostly pellets.  Seeds?
Seeds were bad for birds so I seldom fed seeds.  I've revamped my
thinking (for about the sixth time since I started breeding birds in '89
and now realize that seeds are part of a natural balanced diet for
all birds which consume seeds in nature.

Many of the cereal seeds are not high in fat.  Seeds like millet
and canary are much lower in fat than the flower seeds like sun and safflower.
The fats they contain are healthier than processed, and damaged fats served up in pellets.

I was surprised to read that active people are the ones that require
a lot of carbohydrates in their diet because they burn them off as immediate
energy. Sedentary people, on the other hand, will get fat on a high carb diet
because what isn't burned off is stored as fat in the body.  I suspect this works similarly for our somewhat sedentary companion birds, too.

Anyone interested in how this works should read 'Protein Power' by
Eades, 'Your Body Knows Best' by Gittleman, and  'Sugar Busters'
by Steward, Bethea, Andrews, and Balart.

I don't know if it works the same for birds as it does for people, but I
would be very interested to find out.  I know my thinking about human
nutrition has changed drastically in the last few months as the myths of
a lifetime have been blown away by personal experience.

gloria 

I agree Gloria.  It is important to have enough fat in our diets - it is
even more important to have a correct balance of essential fatty acids.

Many overweight people are in fact suffering from malnutrition - they don't
eat enough food to get the nutrients they need and it is their sluggish
metabolism that keeps them fat.

Fats sure get a bad rap these days - but without fat (the right amount of
the right kinds) we'd die.

Carole Bryant 
 

I'm so delighted with this conversation and the benefit it can have on a
great deal of birds. I have been singing this for the Eclectus birds both in their diet and their baby formula for the last five years. My eclectus get Udo's choice twice a week..just a dab will do you.  Another thing they get for their fat is the white sunflower seed sprouted.

My Hyacinthines get Udo's choice as well for their fat content.  I'm afraid
of just nuts in that baking, putting in god knows what that they just will
not get the fat they need thus they get Udos choice as well almost daily.
They look beautiful. They get just a 1/2 teap. per pair on a piece of MANA bread.  Very important not to give in the water or anything that they can aspirate on the oil. 

Oh, yes....Mikee who came to me with a fatty lipoma the size of a large
huge orange which was pressing up against his lungs, heart...is gone with my
diet of Udo's Choice.  I had him laparoscoped last July and it was completely gone.

Cherane

Cherane, when you added Udo's oil blend to your hyacinthine's formula,
how much were you adding to obtain what percentage of fat?

Add two to four percent increase in total fat!

To dry formula add one teaspoon oil to one cup (about 3%) wet/mixed
formula, one cup mixed formula (e.g.1/3 cup Formula to 1/2Water) add one-third teaspoon oil (if formula is thinner then add 1/2 oil. by weight mixed thirty grams Formula/1grm oil/water.69 grams water....

Is this confusing?  I add to 80 grams of mixed formula (Macaws) about .0.7 cc of Udo's Choice oil.

Cherane

Red Palm Oil

RED PALM OIL FOR THE PREVENTION OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
http://porim.gov.my/homepage96/p27p20.html

I feed it to my birds, my dog and my kid:)  I also condition my hair
with it and use it in my hand lotion, I make; just like the African
people do.  My Grey loves to eat PO straight.  I keep it refrigerated
and give him a little piece to munch on.  Lol... he's like a kid with
chocolate:)  Make sure there is some paper under him as PO stains your
flooring... baking soda helps remove the stains.  I also warm it to room
temp and mix it into his McWatters Mash or just pour it over his
veggies.  1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon several times a week

Udo Erasmus, author of Fats that Heal, Fats that Kill,  claims that
heating oils, changes the composition of the trans fatty acids and this
is what causes the fats to build up in our veins and arteries causing
heart disease.

Evidence continued to accumulate during 1998 that your diet can
drastically alter your chances of getting heart disease and
cancer, including breast cancer.

The good news is that eating monounsaturated fats (the kind
found in olive oil, canola oil, and nuts) seems to have a
protective effect against these major diseases.[1]  The nuts
highest in monounsaturated fats are hazelnuts, macadamias,
pecans, almonds, pistachios, Brazil nuts, walnuts, and peanuts.

The bad news is that hydrogenated vegetable oil and partially
hydrogenated vegetable oil can have major harmful effects,
increasing your chances of heart attack and cancer, including
breast cancer.  It is the trans-fatty acids in hydrogenated
vegetable oils that seem to be the culprits.[2]

Hydrogenated vegetable oils are mainly found in margarine and
vegetable shortening, which in turn are common ingredients of
bread, cookies, crackers, chips, candy bars, and many baked
goods such as doughnuts.  Many french fries are now cooked in
hydrogenated vegetable oils.  If you eat a normal American diet,
it is hard to avoid large doses of hydrogenated or
partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils, but the evidence is
mounting that they are really bad news and should be avoided
whenever possible.

Alberto Ascherio at the Harvard School of Public Health estimates
that trans-fatty acids are now killing at least 30,000 Americans
every year.[3] Read the label and purchase wisely.

1] On the protective effect of nuts, see Janet Raloff,
"High-Fat and Healthful," SCIENCE NEWS Vol. 154 (November 21,
1998), pgs. 328-330. On the protective effect of olive oil, see
J.M. Martin-Moreno and others, "Dietary fat, olive oil intake,
and breast cancer risk," INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER Vol.
58, No. 8 (September 15, 1998), pgs. 774-780, and: N.R. Somonsen
and others, "Tissue stores of individual monounsaturated fatty
acids and breast cancer: the EURAMIC study. European Community
Multicenter Study of Antioxidants, Myocardial Infarction, and
Breast Cancer," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol. 68,
No. 1 (July 1998), pgs. 134-141. On the protective effect of
monounsaturated fats in general, see A. Wolk and others, "A
prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and
other types of fat with risk of breast cancer," ARCHIVES OF
INTERNAL MEDICINE Vol. 158, No. 1 (January 12, 1998), pgs.
41-45.

[2] Alberto Ascherio and others, "TRANS-Fatty Acids Intake and
Risk of Myocardial Infarction," CIRCULATION Vol. 89, No. 1
(January 1994), pgs. 94-101. And P. Pietinen and others, "Intake
of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of
Finnish men. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer
Prevention Study," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY Vol. 145, No. 10 (May 15, 1997), pgs. 876-887.

[3] A. Ashcerio and W.C. Willett, "Health effects of trans fatty
acids," AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION Vol. 66 [4
Supplement] (October 1997), pgs. 1006S-1010S.
 

From Palm Oil Industry Prepares for a Rosy Future
by Joy Froding
Originally printed in July - September 1996 issue of Bluebook Update
http://db.forest.net/soyatech/PalmFeature.html

Red palm oil is one of the richest sources of carotenes, specifically
beta carotene, in terms of retinol (provitamin A) equivalents. Vitamin
A, when derived from natural or synthetic sources, can be highly toxic
taken in over dosage. Red palm oil beta carotenes, on the other hand,
can be taken in their natural state in food safely, are nontoxic and
provide the same benefits as pure vitamin A.

A study conducted in 1994 by Dr. May, found that this oil contains as
much as 15 to 300 times as many retinol equivalents as natural sources
like carrots, leafy green vegetables and tomatoes, which
are considered to have significant quantities of provitamin A.
"The nutritional benefits are great," says Salleh Kassim, executive
director of the Chicago, Illinois office of The Malaysian Palm Oil
Council of America. "(Red palm oil) also possesses natural
antioxidants, anticancer properties for certain types of cancers and
contains one of the highest amounts of tocotrienols and tocopherols
(antioxidants that may work to prevent cancer as well as the buildup
of cholesterol.)"

"Red palm oil is a very balanced oil. It has almost equal percentages
of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and has a high content of
monounsaturates very similar to olive oil," says Mr. Kassim. **

Marnie

I found my Red African Palm Oil in several ethnic (Korean, Asian and
African) food stores in my area. It cost me $3.99 for a 16oz. bottle.
You feed 1/2 teaspoon 3 to 4 times a week.  My guy loves his *neat*.
Palm oil is a solid when stored in the frig, so I just give him a bit
on a spoon or to hold...make sure there is newspaper under your birdie... the stuff stains like crazy!!!  If you don't want to go that route try it poured
over veggies or seed/pellet mix.  Baking soda and sunlight will help
remove stains from flooring or clothes.

Other Sources:

The Palm Oil Tree  - Uses - Purdue U
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Elaeis_guineensis.html Sands African Ltd. in New Jersey at
to find a distributor near you for the palm nut concentrate. It's
roughly $4 plus shipping for a large can.
 

red palm oil is available from
Polly Wants Palm Oil,
P.O. Box No. 2792,
Arlington, VA 22202 for $10 plus shipping for an 8 oz.
bottle.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can order Creamed Palm Fruit through Hornbeck's catalogue. - several
folks said their birds didn't take to this version of it though.
(Personally I like glass containers as some of the 3d world countries
still use lead solder according to Greenpeace Inc.)
Make some birdie bread and use this instead of oil and water.
or mix it in with their bean mix.
A 28 ounce can is $5.75. You can call them at 1-888- CAGEBIRD or on
the web at www.hornbecks.com

Hornbecks, the number is

Parrottalk Article http://www.parrottalk.com/article3.html

TUTT http://www.tuttcartel.com/sectors/palm-oil.htm  this page may help
track down distributors.
 Marnie:)